aspg-18-4025-1792489401 20261020094321 American Scientific Publishing Group admin@americaspg.com American Scientific Publishing Group Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things JISIoT 2769-786X 2690-6791 2026 18 2 Waleed Khalid Al-zubaidi College of Biomedical Informatics, University of Information Technology and Communications, Baghdad, Iraq Shokhan M. Al-Barzinji Department of Computer Networks Systems, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq Zaid Sami Mohsen Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, College of Science, University of Hilla, 51001 Babil, Iraq Omar Muthanna Khudhur Department of Computer Engineering Techniques, College of Technical Engineering, University of Al Maarif, Al Anbar, 31001, Iraq 16.00 Normal false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="371"> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" 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Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/> Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/> Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN;} Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of blindness in the world, and early detection plays an important role in therapy. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid framework with the merger of sophisticated image processing techniques and deep learning models for automated DR detection from retinal fundus images. Information starts with an extensive preprocessing pipeline, which includes bilateral filtering for noise reduction, removal of artifacts, adaptive contrast enhancement and a precise segmentation in the U-Net architecture. To increase model robustness, random rotation augmentation was used to mimic different imaging positions. GLCM analysis is used to extract texture features capturing important lesion-related patterns, and deep features are extracted using a fine-tuned EfficientNet-B0 model. The hybrid feature set is then modelled by a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with the radial basis function kernel and optimized with cross-validation and hyperactive parameters. Experiments show our model can well solve the image heterogeneity problem and yields a high level of accuracy in diagnosis and grading corresponding severity requirements of DR stage. 2026 169 186 4025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 10.54216/JISIoT.180213 https://www.americaspg.com/journal/18/article/4025 https://www.americaspg.com/storage/21756199877.pdf