Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a crucial role in monitoring and data collection for various real-time applications, including environmental surveillance, industrial automation, and smart cities. However, achieving energy efficiency and timely data delivery remains a critical challenge, especially in time-sensitive scenarios. This research presents the development of an efficient cluster-based hybrid routing protocol that combines the strengths of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Network (TEEN) protocols to address these challenges. The proposed Hybrid LEACH-TEEN protocol dynamically adapts to both periodic and event-driven data transmission needs by integrating LEACH’s randomized cluster-head selection and TEEN’s threshold- based data transmission mechanism. This hybrid approach significantly reduces redundant transmissions and optimizes energy consumption across the network. Extensive simulations were conducted to evaluate the protocol’s performance in terms of network lifetime, stability period, energy consumption, and the number of alive nodes over time. Results demonstrate that the Hybrid protocol outperforms traditional LEACH and TEEN protocols, particularly in time- critical applications, by ensuring prompt response to critical events while maintaining energy-efficient operation. This work contributes to the design of intelligent and adaptive routing strategies for next- generation WSNs.

Keywords: LEACH; TEEN; DDR; E-LEACH; M-LEACH; Hybrid Protocol