<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doi_batch version="5.3.1" xmlns="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.3.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:jats="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1" xmlns:ai="http://www.crossref.org/AccessIndicators.xsd" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.3.1 http://www.crossref.org/schema/deposit/crossref5.3.1.xsd">
 <head>
  <doi_batch_id>aspg-3-4089-1791419317</doi_batch_id>
  <timestamp>20261008002837</timestamp>
  <depositor>
   <depositor_name>American Scientific Publishing Group</depositor_name>
   <email_address>admin@americaspg.com</email_address>
  </depositor>
  <registrant>American Scientific Publishing Group</registrant>
 </head>
 <body>
  <journal>
   <journal_metadata language="en">
    <full_title>Fusion: Practice and Applications</full_title>
    <abbrev_title>FPA</abbrev_title>
    <issn media_type="print">2770-0070</issn>
    <issn media_type="electronic">2692-4048</issn>
   </journal_metadata>
   <journal_issue>
    <publication_date media_type="online">
     <year>2026</year>
    </publication_date>
    <journal_volume>
     <volume>21</volume>
    </journal_volume>
    <issue>2</issue>
   </journal_issue>
   <journal_article publication_type="full_text">
    <titles>
     <title>Age and Language Learning a Comparative Study of Young and Adult Learners with Data Fusion Perspectives</title>
    </titles>
    <contributors>
     <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
      <given_name>Shahab Ahmad Al</given_name>
      <surname>Maaytah</surname>
      <affiliations>
       <institution>
        <institution_name>Associate professor, Department of Languages and Humanities, Applied College, King Faisal University, Alhafof, The Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia</institution_name>
       </institution>
      </affiliations>
     </person_name>
    </contributors>
    <jats:abstract>
     <jats:p>16.00</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Normal</jats:p>
     <jats:p>false</jats:p>
     <jats:p>false</jats:p>
     <jats:p>false</jats:p>
     <jats:p>TR</jats:p>
     <jats:p>X-NONE</jats:p>
     <jats:p>AR-SA</jats:p>
     <jats:p>DefSemiHidden=&quot;false&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>LatentStyleCount=&quot;371&quot;&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 7&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 8&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index 9&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Normal Indent&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;footnote text&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;annotation text&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;header&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;footer&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;index heading&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;table of figures&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;envelope address&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;envelope return&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;footnote reference&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;annotation reference&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;line number&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;page number&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;endnote reference&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;endnote text&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;table of authorities&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;macro&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;toa heading&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Bullet&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Number&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Bullet 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Bullet 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Bullet 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Bullet 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Number 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Number 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Number 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Number 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Closing&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Signature&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text Indent&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Continue&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Continue 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Continue 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Continue 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Continue 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Message Header&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Salutation&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Date&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Note Heading&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Block Text&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Hyperlink&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;FollowedHyperlink&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Document Map&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Plain Text&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;E-mail Signature&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Top of Form&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Bottom of Form&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Normal (Web)&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Acronym&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Address&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Cite&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Code&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Definition&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Keyboard&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Preformatted&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Sample&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Typewriter&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>/* Style Definitions */</jats:p>
     <jats:p>table.MsoNormalTable</jats:p>
     <jats:p>{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-style-noshow:yes;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-style-priority:99;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-para-margin-top:0in;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-para-margin-right:0in;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-para-margin-left:0in;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>line-height:107%;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-pagination:widow-orphan;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>font-size:11.0pt;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;</jats:p>
     <jats:p>mso-ansi-language:TR;}</jats:p>
     <jats:p>This study investigates the influence of age on second language acquisition by comparing language learning outcomes between young learners (aged 8–12) and adult learners (aged 25–40). Drawing on both cognitive and sociolinguistic perspectives, and leveraging data fusion techniques that integrate test results, classroom observations, and learner interviews, the research examines differences in pronunciation, grammar acquisition, vocabulary retention, and communicative competence. The fusion of multiple data modalities ensures a more holistic view of learner performance. Findings indicate that young learners exhibit greater native-like pronunciation and long-term retention, while adult learners outperform in grammatical accuracy and metalinguistic awareness. Motivational factors and learning environments also played significant roles. The study concludes that while age affects specific aspects of language learning, no age group holds a universal advantage. Data fusion-based insights highlight the need for age-sensitive instructional strategies that cater to the cognitive and emotional needs of learners at different stages.</jats:p>
    </jats:abstract>
    <publication_date media_type="online">
     <year>2026</year>
    </publication_date>
    <pages>
     <first_page>211</first_page>
     <last_page>227</last_page>
    </pages>
    <publisher_item>
     <item_number item_number_type="article-number">4089</item_number>
    </publisher_item>
    <ai:program name="AccessIndicators">
     <ai:license_ref applies_to="vor">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ai:license_ref>
    </ai:program>
    <doi_data>
     <doi>10.54216/FPA.210214</doi>
     <resource>https://www.americaspg.com/journal/3/article/4089</resource>
     <collection property="text-mining">
      <item>
       <resource mime_type="application/pdf">https://www.americaspg.com/storage/81757534435.pdf</resource>
      </item>
     </collection>
    </doi_data>
   </journal_article>
  </journal>
 </body>
</doi_batch>
