Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Metaheuristics
Journal DOI
2833-5597ISSN (Online)
Volume 9 , Issue 2 , PP: 01-18, 2025 | Cite this article as | XML | Html | PDF | Full Length Article
El-Sayed M. El-Kenawy 1 * , Sini Raj Pulari 2 , Shriram K Vasudevan 3
Doi: https://doi.org/10.54216/JAIM.090201
Internet of Things devices, which spread across consumer industrial and critical infrastructure domains, have boosted the quantity of diverse network traffic and its high frequency. The increasing scale of IoT networks causes problems securing the diverse data flow within these networks, threatening system performance and management capabilities. Analyzing network traffic with traditional methods based on signature identification and rule detection becomes ineffective for new traffic activity patterns and system behavior. Due to extensive growth in IoT networks, developing intelligent data-based classification systems that can process IoT traffic quickly and at large operational scales becomes essential. A detailed model of flow-level data-based machine learning operations for IoT traffic classification utilizes features extracted from the Army Cyber Institute (ACI) IoT dataset. The dataset encompasses statistical, temporal, and protocol-specific attributes for benign and malicious network flows. Our methodology first conducts a strict data preprocessing stage, which involves numerous operations such as cleaning the data, normalizing it and encoding the labels, and performing a feature correlation analysis before preparing the learning algorithms with a suitable quality and balanced dataset. Various classification models underwent training, including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), Naive Bayes and SGD Classifiers, and statistical learners. Our proposed hybrid ensemble method combines weighted voting between a deep learning neural network, a Random Forest model, and an XGBoost classifier to overcome the limitations of single classifiers. This ensemble model aimed to make the system more resilient while lowering bias and enhancing its ability to understand various IoT traffic patterns. A complete set of evaluation metrics assessed the models, using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, Hamming loss, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) and Cohen’s Kappa plus balanced accuracy and log loss for assessment. The chosen metrics allowed researchers to monitor model performance from global and detailed perspectives when dealing with imbalanced classes and similar patterns between legitimate and malicious network traffic. The ensemble methodology produces superior results than individual classifiers demonstrated through experimental results under all performance metrics evaluation. The complex nature of network environments demonstrates that model fusion achieves excellent results when tracking non-easy- to-classify traffic patterns. The ensemble approach proves excellent generalization properties and optimized performance for real-time IoT implementations because of its ability to adapt continuously while maintaining high accuracy levels. This proposed framework adds to intelligent IoT traffic analysis research while demonstrating how deep learning and traditional machine learning methods enhance ensemble systems. The system develops an expandable and clear quantitative solution that can be implemented for advanced network security systems and traffic monitoring applications across smart cities industrial settings, and critical infrastructure frameworks.
IoT Traffic Classification , Ensemble Learning , Deep Learning , Flow-Based Analysis
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