184 156
Full Length Article
Fusion: Practice and Applications
Volume 14 , Issue 2, PP: 109-118 , 2024 | Cite this article as | XML | Html |PDF

Title

Fusion Based Depression Detection through Artificial Intelligence using Electroencephalogram (EEG)

  Madhu Sudhan H. V. 1 * ,   S. Saravana Kumar 2

1  CMR University (CMRU), Bangalore, India
    (madhusudhan.19cphd@cmr.edu.in)

2  CMR University (CMRU), Bangalore, India
    (sarvana.k@cmr.edu.in)


Doi   :   https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.140209

Received: July 12, 2023 Revised: November 01, 2023 Accepted: January 04, 2024

Abstract :

Depression is one of the common psychological disorders that affects many people all over the world. The primary typical behavior of depression is persistent low mood, and it is one of the main reasons for disability worldwide. Due to the lack of awareness, treatment, and social stigma, it is leading to suicide and self-harm. It is necessary to identify the depression at a very initial stage to overcome further complications that may lead to suicide. In recent years, certain studies have been done on identifying depression through Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques. Electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used to detect depression since it is easy to record and non-invasive. The current paper focuses on developing an algorithm that will use the brain signals received through EEG and predict the person as Healthy or with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with the help of CNN through an asymmetry matrix, which achieved an accuracy of 89.5%, and it outperformed the previous traditional models. The current study shows that depression detection through EEG is one of the efficient techniques for detecting depression at its early stages.

Keywords :

Clinical Depression; Artificial Intelligence; Machine Learning; Pattern Recognition; Mathematical Fusion; Convolutional Neural Network; Electroencephalogram (EEG); Depression; EEG Asymmetry; European Data Format; EEG Visualization; Fusion Based

References :

[1]    W. H. O., “From: https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression#tab=tab_1,” 2023.

[2]    Hanshu Cai, Jiashuo Han, Yunfei Chen, Xiaocong Sha, Ziyang Wang, Bin Hu, Jing Yang, Lei Feng, Zhijie Ding, Yiqiang Chen, Jürg Gutknecht, "A Pervasive Approach to EEG-Based Depression Detection", Complexity, vol. 2018, Article ID 5238028, 13 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5238028.

[3]    Hawes, M.T.; Szenczy, A.K.; Klein, D.N.; Hajcak, G.; Nelson, B.D. Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol. Med. 2022, 52, 3222–3230.

[4]    A. S. Korb, et al., “Brain Electrical Source Differences between Depressed Subjects and Healthy Controls”, Brain Topogr, No.21, pp. 138–146, 2008.

[5]    P. Carr and D. Madan. Option valuation using the fast Fourier transform. Journal of Computational  Finance, 2(4):61–73, 1999.

[6]    B. D. Mensh, J. Werfer, and H. S. Seung. Combining gamma-band power with slow cortical potentials to improve single-trial classification of electroencephalographic signals. IEEE Transactions on  Biomedical Engineering, 51(6):1052–1056, 2004.

[7]    D. Acharya and U. Rajendra, “Automated EEG-based screening of depression using deep convolutional neural network,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 161, pp. 103–113, Jul. 2018.

[8]    A. Saeedi, M. Saeedi, A. Maghsoudi, and A. Shalbaf, “Major depressive disorder diagnosis based on effective connectivity in EEG signals: A convolutional neural network and long short-term memory approach,” Cognit. Neurodyn., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 239–252, Apr. 2021.

[9]    Sebastián Maldonado, Álvaro Flores, Thomas Verbraken, Bart Baesens, and Richard Weber. Profitbased feature selection using support vector machines– General framework and an application for customer retention. Applied Soft Computing, 35:740–748, 2015.

[10] Kang M, Kwon H, Park J-H, Kang S, Lee Y. Deep-Asymmetry: Asymmetry Matrix Image for Deep Learning Method in Pre-Screening Depression. Sensors. 2020; 20(22):6526. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226526.

[11] M. Al Jazaery and G. Guo, “Video-Based Depression Level Analysis by Encoding Deep Spatiotemporal Features,” IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, pp. 1–1, 2018.

[12] W. H. O., “Depression and other common mental disorders, from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/depression-global-healthestimates,” 2017.

[13] S. Alghowinem, R. Goecke, M. Wagner, J. Epps, M. Hyett, G. Parker, and M. Breakspear, “Multimodal Depression Detection: Fusion Analysis of Paralinguistic, Head Pose and Eye Gaze Behaviors,” IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 478–490, 2018.

[14] E. V. Weel-Baumgarten and P. Lucassen, “Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care,” Lancet, vol. 374, no. 9704, pp. 1817–1817, 2009.

[15] M. Bachmann, J. Lass, and H. Hinrikus, “Single channel EEG analysis for detection of depression,” Biomedical Signal Processing & Control, vol. 31, pp. 391–397, 2017.

[16] J. Shen, X. Zhang, B. Hu, G. Wang, Z. Ding, and B. Hu, “An Improved Empirical Mode Decomposition of Electroencephalogram Signals for Depression Detection,” IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, pp. 1–1, 2019.

[17] X. Zhang, J. Shen, Z. u. Din, J. Liu, G. Wang, and B. Hu, “Multimodal Depression Detection: Fusion of Electroencephalography and Paralinguistic Behaviors Using a Novel Strategy for Classifier Ensemble,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2265–2275, 2019.

[18] A. C. Deslandes, H. D. Moraes, F. A. M. S. Pompeu, P. Ribeiro, M. Cagy, C. Capit~ao, H. Alves, R. A. M. Piedade, and J. Laks, “Electroencephalographic frontal asymmetry and depressive symptoms in the elderly,” Biological Psychology, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 317–322, 2008.

[19] B. Hu, D. Majoe, M. Ratcliffe, Y. Qi, Q. Zhao, H. Peng, D. Fan, F. Zheng, M. Jackson, and P. Moore, “EEG-Based Cognitive Interfaces for Ubiquitous Applications: Developments and Challenges,” IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 46–53, 2011.

[20] J. A. Coan and J. J. Allen, “Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion,” Biological Psychology, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 7–49, 2004.

[21] Ksibi A, Zakariah M, Menzli LJ, Saidani O, Almuqren L, Hanafieh RAM. Electroencephalography-Based Depression Detection Using Multiple Machine Learning Techniques. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(10):1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101779.

[22] Liu B, Chang H, Peng K, Wang X. An End-to-End Depression Recognition Method Based on EEGNet. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 11;13:864393. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.864393. PMID: 35360138; PMCID: PMC8963113.

[23] Sana Yasin, Syed Asad Hussain, Sinem Aslan, Imran Raza, Muhammad Muzammel, Alice Othmani, EEG based Major Depressive disorder and Bipolar disorder detection using Neural Networks:A review, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Volume 202, 2021, 106007, ISSN 0169-2607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106007.

[24] Jianli Yang, Zhen Zhang, Peng Xiong, Xiuling Liu. Depression Detection Based on Analysis of EEG Signals in Multi Brain Regions. J. Integr. Neurosci. 2023, 22(4), 93. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2204093.

[25] Ay, B., Yildirim, O., Talo, M. et al. Automated Depression Detection Using Deep Representation and Sequence Learning with EEG Signals. J Med Syst 43, 205 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1345-y.

[26] Akbari, H., Sadiq, M.T., Payan, M., Esmaili, S.S., Baghri, H., Bagheri, H. (2021). Depression detection based on geometrical features extracted from SODP shape of EEG signals and binary PSO. Traitement du Signal, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 13-26. https://doi.org/10.18280/ts.380102.

[27] Wanqing Jiang, Nuo Su, Tianxu Pan, Yifan Miao, Xueyu Lv, Tianzi Jiang, and Nianming Zuo. 2023. EEG-Based Subject-Independent Depression Detection Using Dynamic Convolution and Feature Adaptation. In Advances in Swarm Intelligence: 14th International Conference, ICSI 2023, Shenzhen, China, July 14–18, 2023, Proceedings, Part II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36625-3_22.


Cite this Article as :
Style #
MLA Madhu Sudhan H. V., S. Saravana Kumar. "Fusion Based Depression Detection through Artificial Intelligence using Electroencephalogram (EEG)." Fusion: Practice and Applications, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2024 ,PP. 109-118 (Doi   :  https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.140209)
APA Madhu Sudhan H. V., S. Saravana Kumar. (2024). Fusion Based Depression Detection through Artificial Intelligence using Electroencephalogram (EEG). Journal of Fusion: Practice and Applications, 14 ( 2 ), 109-118 (Doi   :  https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.140209)
Chicago Madhu Sudhan H. V., S. Saravana Kumar. "Fusion Based Depression Detection through Artificial Intelligence using Electroencephalogram (EEG)." Journal of Fusion: Practice and Applications, 14 no. 2 (2024): 109-118 (Doi   :  https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.140209)
Harvard Madhu Sudhan H. V., S. Saravana Kumar. (2024). Fusion Based Depression Detection through Artificial Intelligence using Electroencephalogram (EEG). Journal of Fusion: Practice and Applications, 14 ( 2 ), 109-118 (Doi   :  https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.140209)
Vancouver Madhu Sudhan H. V., S. Saravana Kumar. Fusion Based Depression Detection through Artificial Intelligence using Electroencephalogram (EEG). Journal of Fusion: Practice and Applications, (2024); 14 ( 2 ): 109-118 (Doi   :  https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.140209)
IEEE Madhu Sudhan H. V., S. Saravana Kumar, Fusion Based Depression Detection through Artificial Intelligence using Electroencephalogram (EEG), Journal of Fusion: Practice and Applications, Vol. 14 , No. 2 , (2024) : 109-118 (Doi   :  https://doi.org/10.54216/FPA.140209)