ASPG Menu
search

American Scientific Publishing Group

verified Journal

Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things

ISSN
Online: 2690-6791 Print: 2769-786X
Frequency

Continuous publication

Publication Model

Open access · Articles freely available online · APC applies after acceptance

Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things
Full Length Article

Volume 18Issue 1PP: 114-125 • 2026

Optimizing Neural Network Architectures with TensorFlow and Keras for Scalable Deep Learning

Muna Al-Saadi 1* ,
Bushra Al-Saadi 1 ,
Dheyauldeen Ahmed Farhan 2 ,
Oday Ali Hassen 3
1University of Information Technology and Communications (UoITC), Baghdad, Iraq
2Department of Computer Science, University of Al Maarif, Al-Anbar, 31001, Iraq
3Ministry of Education, Wasit Education Directorate, Iraq; Computer Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Wasit University, 52001 Al-Kut, Wasit, Iraq
* Corresponding Author.
Received: March 12, 2025 Revised: May 21, 2025 Accepted: July 04, 2025

Abstract

Deep studying architectures face fundamental demanding situations in balancing overall performance optimization, computational scalability, and operational interpretability. Current strategies show off an essential fragmentation: neural architecture search (NAS) techniques perform independently of interpretability requirements, while scalability answers remain detached from structure optimization pipelines. This disconnect hinders the improvement of a unified workflow from architecture layout to interpretable deployment. We endorse DeepOptiFrame, a TensorFlow/Keras-primarily based Python framework that combines three middle capabilities: (1) superior optimization algorithms (BOHB, Hyperband) with useful resource-restrained multi-objective search, (2) distributed training acceleration across GPU/GPU clusters via Horovod integration and blended-precision strategies, and (3) GPU-increased interpretability gear (SHAP, LIME) incorporated without delay into the education pipeline. Our framework demonstrates large experimental improvements: a 15-20% accuracy growth at the CIFAR-a hundred and ImageNet benchmarks compared to today's baselines, a 65% education speedup whilst scaled to eight GPUs with close to-linear performance, and a 30% development in interpretability reliability, as measured via the Mean Confidence Decrease metric. This implementation additionally reduces reminiscence intake via forty% throughout gradient checkpoints even as keeping numerical balance. These advances establish a new paradigm for coherent deep learning development, simultaneously improving overall performance, scalability, and transparency inside unified workflow surroundings.

Keywords

Neural Architecture Search Explainable AI Distributed Deep Learning Model Optimization Interpretability Metrics

References

References

[1]       D. Ketseas, "Stochastic Response of an Airfoil and Its Effects on Lco’s Behavior Under Stall Flutter Regime," Int. J. Math., Stat. Comput. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 168–172, 2024. doi: 10.59543/ijmscs.v2i.8663.

[2]       Y. Kuvayskova and A. Nemykin, "Neural Network Architecture Search Algorithm for Technical Object State Prediction," in 2025 Int. Russian Smart Industry Conf. (SmartIndustryCon), IEEE, Mar. 2025, pp. 675–680.

[3]       H. Lan, "Device Placement Optimization with Deep Reinforcement Learning," University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2023. Accessed: Jun. 05, 2025.

[4]       C. Min, G. Liao, G. Wen, Y. Li, and X. Guo, "Ensemble Interpretation: A Unified Method for Interpretable Machine Learning," arXiv: 2312.06255, 2023.

[5]       G. De Bernardi, S. Narteni, E. Cambiaso, and M. Mongelli, "Rule-Based Out-of-Distribution Detection," IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2627–2637, Jun. 2024.

[6]       Z. Lu, R. Cheng, Y. Jin, K. C. Tan, and K. Deb, "Neural architecture search as multiobjective optimization benchmarks: Problem formulation and performance assessment," IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 323–337, 2023.

[7]       K. Zhou, X. Huang, Q. Song, R. Chen, and X. Hu, "Auto-GNN: Neural architecture search of graph neural networks," Front. Big Data, vol. 5, p. 1029307, 2022.

[8]       S. Xue et al., "IDARTS: Interactive Differentiable Architecture Search," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Vision, 2021, pp. 1143–1152.

[9]       P. Ren et al., "A comprehensive survey of neural architecture search: Challenges and solutions," ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1–34, 2021.

[10]    S. Xiao, B. Zhao, and D. Liu, "Semi-supervised accuracy predictor-based multi-objective neural architecture search," Neurocomputing, vol. 609, p. 128472, Dec. 2024.

[11]    A. Géron, Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow, O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2019. Accessed: Jun. 05, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/hands-on-machine-learning/9781492032632/

[12]    A. R. Menon, U. Menon, and K. Ahirwar, "Ravnest: Decentralized Asynchronous Training on Heterogeneous Devices," arXiv: 2401.01728, 2024.

[13]    D. Narayanan, A. Phanishayee, K. Shi, X. Chen, and M. Zaharia, "Memory-efficient pipeline-parallel DNN training," in Proc. Int. Conf. Machine Learning, PMLR, Jul. 2021, pp. 7937-7947.

[14]    A. Hassen et al., "Realistic Smile Expression Recognition Approach Using Ensemble Classifier with Enhanced Bagging," Comput. Mater. Continua, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 123-138, 2022.

[15]    X. Wan, B. Ru, P. M. Esparanca, and F. M. Carlucci, "Approximate Neural Architecture Search via Operation Distribution Learning," in Proc. 2022 IEEE/CVF Winter Conf. Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2022, pp. 3545–3554.

[16]    W. Xu, "Efficient distributed image recognition algorithm of deep learning framework TensorFlow," J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2066, no. 1, p. 12070, 2021.

[17]    R. Hesse, S. Schaub-Meyer, and S. Roth, "Fast Axiomatic Attribution for Neural Networks," in NIPS’21: Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Neural Information Processing Systems, 2021, pp. 19513–19524. Accessed: Jun. 05, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3540261.3541754

[18]    I. Cik, A. D. Rasamoelina, M. Mach, and P. Sincak, "Explaining Deep Neural Network using Layer-wise Relevance Propagation and Integrated Gradients," in SAMI 2021 - IEEE 19th World Symp. Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics, IEEE, 2021, pp. 381–386.

[19]    J. Pfau, A. T. Young, J. Wei, M. L. Wei, and M. J. Keiser, "Robust Semantic Interpretability: Revisiting Concept Activation Vectors," arXiv: 2104.02768, 2021.

[20]    A. Agiollo, G. Ciatto, and A. Omicini, "Shallow2Deep: Restraining Neural Networks Opacity through Neural Architecture Search," in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12688, Cham: Springer, 2021, pp. 63–82.

[21]    S. R. Islam, W. Eberle, S. K. Ghafoor, and M. Ahmed, "Explainable Artificial Intelligence Approaches: A Survey," arXiv: 2101.09429, 2021.

[22]    C. Rudin, C. Chen, Z. Chen, H. Huang, L. Semenova, and C. Zhong, "Interpretable machine learning: Fundamental principles and 10 grand challenges," Stat. Surv., vol. 16, pp. 1–85, 2022.

[23]    N. Klyuchnikov et al., "NAS-Bench-NLP: Neural Architecture Search Benchmark for Natural Language Processing," IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 45736–45747, 2022.

[24]    Microsoft, "Neural Network Intelligence: An open-source AutoML toolkit," in Proc. 26th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. Knowledge Discovery Data Mining, 2025. Accessed: Jun. 05, 2025.

[25]    P. A. Schirmer and I. Mporas, "Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: A Review," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 769–784, Jan. 2023.

[26]    L. P. Swaminatha Rao and S. Jaganathan, "Hyperparameter Optimization Using Budget-Constrained BOHB for Traffic Forecasting," in Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Singapore: Springer, 2024, pp. 225–240.

[27]    V. Geraeinejad, S. Sinaei, M. Modarressi, and M. Daneshtalab, "RoCo-NAS: Robust and Compact Neural Architecture Search," in Proc. Int. Joint Conf. Neural Networks, IEEE, 2021, pp. 1–8.

[28]    M. Dorrich, M. Fan, and A. M. Kist, "Impact of Mixed Precision Techniques on Training and Inference Efficiency of Deep Neural Networks," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 57627–57634, 2023.

[29]    A. Wollek et al., "German CheXpert Chest X-ray Radiology Report Labeler," RoFo Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Rontgenstrahlen und der Bildgebenden Verfahren, vol. 196, no. 09, pp. 956–965, 2023.

[30]    A. Audevart, K. Banachewicz, and L. Massaron, Machine Learning Using TensorFlow Cookbook: Create Powerful Machine Learning Algorithms with TensorFlow, Packt Publishing Ltd, 2021.

[31]    S. R. Dubey, S. K. Singh, and B. B. Chaudhuri, "Activation functions in deep learning: A comprehensive survey and benchmark," Neurocomputing, vol. 503, pp. 92–108, 2022.

[32]    M. Shafiq and Z. Gu, "Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition: A Survey," Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 18, p. 8972, 2022.

[33]    M. Tan and Q. Le, "EfficientNetV2: Smaller Models and Faster Training," in Proc. 38th Int. Conf. Machine Learning, M. Meila and T. Zhang, Eds., vol. 139, PMLR, Jun. 2021, pp. 10096–10106.

[34]    S. Singhal et al., "Sentiment Analysis on Amazon Reviews of Mobile Phones using Machine Learning," Technology, vol. 15, p. 19.

[35]    A. A. Ismail, H. Corrada Bravo, and S. Feizi, "Improving deep learning interpretability by saliency guided training," in Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., vol. 34, pp. 26726-26739, 2021.

[36]    Q. Jin et al., "F8Net: Fixed-Point 8-Bit Only Multiplication for Network Quantization," arXiv: 2202.05239, 2022.

[37]    A. Paleyes, R. G. Urma, and N. D. Lawrence, "Challenges in Deploying Machine Learning: A Survey of Case Studies," ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1–29, 2022.

[38]    Z. Liu et al., "Neural Architecture Search on Efficient Transformers and beyond," arXiv: 2207.13955, Jul. 2022.

Cite This Article

Choose your preferred format

format_quote
Al-Saadi, Muna, Al-Saadi, Bushra, Farhan, Dheyauldeen Ahmed, Hassen, Oday Ali. "Optimizing Neural Network Architectures with TensorFlow and Keras for Scalable Deep Learning." Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things, vol. Volume 18, no. Issue 1, 2026, pp. 114-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54216/JISIoT.180108
Al-Saadi, M., Al-Saadi, B., Farhan, D., Hassen, O. (2026). Optimizing Neural Network Architectures with TensorFlow and Keras for Scalable Deep Learning. Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things, Volume 18(Issue 1), 114-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54216/JISIoT.180108
Al-Saadi, Muna, Al-Saadi, Bushra, Farhan, Dheyauldeen Ahmed, Hassen, Oday Ali. "Optimizing Neural Network Architectures with TensorFlow and Keras for Scalable Deep Learning." Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things Volume 18, no. Issue 1 (2026): 114-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54216/JISIoT.180108
Al-Saadi, M., Al-Saadi, B., Farhan, D., Hassen, O. (2026) 'Optimizing Neural Network Architectures with TensorFlow and Keras for Scalable Deep Learning', Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things, Volume 18(Issue 1), pp. 114-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54216/JISIoT.180108
Al-Saadi M, Al-Saadi B, Farhan D, Hassen O. Optimizing Neural Network Architectures with TensorFlow and Keras for Scalable Deep Learning. Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things. 2026;Volume 18(Issue 1):114-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54216/JISIoT.180108
M. Al-Saadi, B. Al-Saadi, D. Farhan, O. Hassen, "Optimizing Neural Network Architectures with TensorFlow and Keras for Scalable Deep Learning," Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things, vol. Volume 18, no. Issue 1, pp. 114-125, 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54216/JISIoT.180108
Digital Archive Ready